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محیط شناسی، جلد ۳۹، شماره ۴، صفحات ۲۹-۴۴
عنوان فارسی تأثیر متغیرهای اقتصادی در آلودگی محیط‌زیست با تأکید بر شاخص توسعۀ مالی: کاربرد روش گشتاورهای تعمیم‌یافته
چکیده فارسی مقاله امروزه، آلودگی‌ ‌محیط‌زیست از چالش‌های اصلی جهان به شمار می‌رود. پیش از شکوفایی اخیر اقتصادی دنیا، تصور می‌شد رشد اقتصادی افزایشی در درآمدها ایجاد می‌کند و به بهبود کیفیت زندگی نیز منجر خواهد شد. رشد اقتصاد جهان با کاهش کیفیت محیط‌زیست، مقولۀ حفظ محیط‌زیست را در کانون توجه جهانی قرار داد. در اکثر مطالعات انجام‌گرفته، در زمینۀ بررسی عوامل مؤثر در آلودگی محیط‌زیست، این عوامل را به رشد اقتصادی کشور ومصرفانرژی محدود کرده‌اند، اما در این پژوهش با استفاده از دادۀ سال‌های 1980- 2010 و بررسی سه گروه درآمدی مختلف از کشورها، به اثرگذاری سایر متغیرهای اقتصادی با تأکید بر شاخص توسعۀ مالی بر آلودگی محیط‌زیست، با استفاده از مدل‌های داده‌های تابلویی پویا و با استفاده از روش تخمین‌زن گشتاورهای تعمیم‌یافته (GMM)پرداخته می‌شود. نتایج بیانگر اثرگذاری متفاوت شاخص توسعۀ مالی در کشورهای با گروه درآمدی متفاوت در میزان آلودگی محیط‌زیست است، به طوری که این شاخص در کشورهای با درآمد سرانۀ کم اثر فزاینده، در کشورهای با درآمد سرانۀ متوسط بی‌معنی و در کشورهای با درآمد سرانۀ بالا اثر کاهنده در آلودگی محیط‌زیست دارد. همچنین، منحنی زیست‌محیطی کوزنتس (EKC) فقط در کشورهای با گروه درآمدی سرانۀ بالا تأیید می‌شود، بنابراین، رویکرد نوین جهان را باید حرکت به سوی محیط‌زیست اقتصادی دانست. رویکردی که به لزوم تقویت و حمایت همه‌جانبه به وسیلۀ تعامل میان‌رشته‌ای بین متخصصان محیط‌زیست، کارشناسان حوزۀ اقتصادی و دولت‌مردان حوزۀ سیاست بیش از پیش تأکید می‌کند.
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عنوان انگلیسی The Impact of Economic Variables on Environmental Pollution with Emphasis on Financial Development Index: Application of Generalized Method of Moments
چکیده انگلیسی مقاله IntroductionNowadays, environmental pollution is one of the main challenges in the world. Therefore, in addition to thepolicies and measures within their borders, countries prefer international organizations in the field ofenvironmental issues. Previously it was thought that economic growth causes an increase in income and will leadto improved quality of life. However, the high growth rate of the world economy in the last few decades withreduced environmental quality puts the environmental pollution in the spotlight in the globe. In most studies inthe literature on the investigation of economic factors effects on environmental pollution, these factors havebeen limited to economic growth and energy consumption. This study investigates the impact ofmacroeconomic variables such as economic growth, energy consumption, environmental pollution and an indexof financial development on countries with different level of income (low, medium, high) during the period of1980-2010. We apply a dynamic panel data approach with Generalized Method of Moment (GMM) estimatemethodology. Recent empirical studies show that the relationship between environmental degradation andper capita income level is similar to the turn-down U (primary Kuznets curve). The message of Kuznetshypothesis is that economic growth is the cause of infection and its treatment. In recent years we have witnesseda backlash economy for changes in financial statement which emphasizes the important role of financial markets.A variety of ways to finance the economy is moving toward the gates. But, there is a dichotomy in this case.Degree of economic and financial development decreases the environmental degradation. The results of somestudies show that financial liberalization and the adoption of policies to financial openness and liberalization toattract higher levels of R&D might reduce the environmental degradation. In this study, however, we areinterested in checking what the effect of financial development index is on the environmental pollution.Material and MethodologyIn general format EKC hypothesis can be specified as follow:E= f (Y, Y2, Z) (1)Where, E is environmental deterioration emission, Y is income indicator and Z is other variables affecting theenvironment.Following the empirical literature, the standard log-linear functional specification of long-run relationshipamong per capita carbon emissions, per capita energy consumption, per capita real income, and the square of percapita real income can be expressed as follows:CO= 􀈕1 + 􀈕2 en + 􀈕3 yt + 􀈕4 yt2 + 􀈕5 fd + Ut (2)􀀃Where, co is the carbon dioxide emission (measured in metric kilo grams per capita), en is the energyconsumption (measured in kg of oil equivalent per capita), y is per capita real GDP, y2 is the square of per capitalreal GDP, fd is the financial development indicator (domestic credit to private sector as a percentage of GDP)and Ut is error term.Empirical resultsThe preliminary step in this analysis begins by investigating the unit root test of the variables using the Im ,Pesaran and Shin (IPS) unit root test. Table 1 summarizes the outcome of the IPS unit root tests on the naturallogarithms of the levels of the variables. Table 1. Unit Root Test ResultsWith InterceptCountries with low income Countries with average income Countries with high incomecoefficient probability coefficient probability coefficient probabilityVariableCO2 􀍲9.05􀀃 0.00􀀃 􀍲6.53􀀃 0.00 􀍲15.27􀀃 0.00En 􀍲4.94􀀃 0.00􀀃 􀍲7.74􀀃 0.00 􀍲9.95􀀃 0.00Fd 􀍲5.48􀀃 0.00􀀃 􀍲6.87􀀃 0.00 􀍲11.22􀀃 0.00gr 􀍲5.66􀀃 0.00􀀃 􀍲4.60􀀃 0.00 􀍲4.9􀀃 0.00Y2 􀍲5.41􀀃 0.00􀀃 􀍲6.86􀀃 0.00 􀍲7.19􀀃 0.00Intercept and trend􀀃Variable Countries with low income Countries with average income Countries with high incomecoefficient probability coefficient probability coefficient probabilityCO2 􀍲7.59􀀃 0.00 􀍲6.35􀀃 0.00 􀍲8.16􀀃 0.00En 􀍲7.56􀀃 0.00 􀍲5.02􀀃 0.00 􀍲8.44􀀃 0.00Fd 􀍲5.71􀀃 0.00 􀍲6.4􀀃 0.00 􀍲8.19􀀃 0.00gr 􀍲5.71􀀃 0.00 􀍲4.7􀀃 0.00 􀍲4.53􀀃 0.00Y2 􀍲8.56􀀃 0.00 􀍲4.62􀀃 0.00 􀍲8.43􀀃 0.00The IPS unit root test results reveal that all the variables under investigation are stationary.The empirical results and estimates for equation on per capita CO2 emission for three different income groupsof countries are presented in this section. First, we discuss the results for per capita CO2 emission, economicgrowth and financial development along with energy consumption control variables. Then we discuss the EKCor curvilinear relationship between economic growth and CO2 emission in three different income groups ofcountries.Table 2 presents estimation results of the model for a panel of three different income groups of countries(low, medium, and high).Table 2. Estimation resultsvariable Countries with low income Countries with average income Countries with high incomecoefficient probability coefficient probability coefficient ProbabilityC(Constant) 3.51 0.04 -0.007 0.18 -0.85 0.01CO2(-1) -0.344 0.00 -0.185 0.00 -0.01 0.61En 0.41 0.11 0.277 0.00 0.86 0.00Fd 0.10 0.08 0.036 0.14 -0.96 0.00growth -2.35 0.00 -0.81 0.00 -6.31 0.00Y2 11.6 0.00 4.6 0.00 -3.29 0.00Wald test 45.33 138.9 201.46Sargan test 115.5 138.2 124.3The results for three different income groups of countries show that all signs of the estimated parameters areconsistent with the theory. The Sargan and Wald tests results confirm the validity of the interpretation of theresults. Energy consumption has positive effects on environmental pollution in all three income groups.Financial development in low-income countries has a significant and positive effect on the level of air pollution,while for the middle-income countries this relationship is not significant. The coefficient of financialdevelopment in countries with high income has a negative and significant impact on environmental pollution.Economic growth has decreased environmental pollution in all three income groups. However, environmentalKuznets curve is only confirmed in the high-income countries.ConclusionThis paper has investigated the impact of economic variables on environmental pollution with an emphasis onfinancial development index. We have used panel data approach with GMM estimate method. Our results havedemonstrated that financial development in low-income countries increases environmental pollution. It can besaid that these countries represent the facilities granted to the private sector in production, regardless of theenvironmental impact. In countries with high per capita income, this index has a negative impact onenvironmental pollution. This shows that, the private sector uses of funds, with investments in environmentalprotection measures and do their products. Moreover, the results show an inverse U relationship between  economic growth and environmental pollution only for the countries with high per capita income. According tothese results, we suggest that the civilized world needs to move towards a new approach of theeconomical environment: Take a holistic approach that need strengthening and support throughinterdisciplinary collaboration and interaction, too much emphasis is placed on natural resources andenvironmental multidisciplinary professionals and experts in economics and political elites. It is one of the mostnecessary accessories to ensure the sustainable development.
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نویسندگان مقاله حسن حیدری |
دانشیار اقتصاد دانشکدۀ اقتصاد و مدیریت دانشگاه ارومیه
سازمان اصلی تایید شده: دانشگاه ارومیه (Urmia university)

عسل صادقپور |
کارشناس ارشد علوم اقتصادی دانشگاه ارومیه
سازمان اصلی تایید شده: دانشگاه ارومیه (Urmia university)

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