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نامه معماری و شهرسازی، جلد ۲، شماره ۴، صفحات ۱۰۳-۱۲۰
عنوان فارسی نظریه های برنامه ریزی و زمینه های شکل دهنده ی آن ها از اوایل قرن بیستم تا اواسط دهه
چکیده فارسی مقاله
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عنوان انگلیسی Theory of Planning and the Contexts Forming Them From the Early Decades of 20 Century until the Mid 1970s
چکیده انگلیسی مقاله Present paper aims at examination of planning theory until mid 1970s and the contexts causing them.Selecting 1970 decade is for this reason that the point of time is a mediate between two distinct types ofplanning theories: theories of planning until 1970 (mainly positivist), and communicative planningtheories (post positivist) that are characteristics of recent decades. Facing the questions about whyplanning theories are forming and how they are evolving, this paper, learnt from philosophers of science,presuppose that all theories are created to provide an explanation for a theoretical tension resulting from aproblematic situation. Planning theories are affected from external factors and contexts. They are notcontext-less (the condition dominant in natural science ), but they are made by individuals within thesocial, economic and political systems of a real world. Planning theorists try to explain, justify andinterpret planning in their own social context. In other words, theory and theorizer are constrained byplanning practice and complex social, economic, political and epistemological system within which theyoperate. Changes in planning reality and their contexts probably will be reflected in theorizers’ perceptionsof their profession and nature of theory, social processes and changes. So, for understanding planningtheories and their evolutions, we must know that the economic, social, political and epistemological forcesproduce them. This paper tries to provide a brief description of planning theories and different factorsforming them with focusing on three distinct periods. After defining some basic concepts, the paperpresents a typology of theories within urban and regional planning. Then, the paper bases its examinationon a specific type of theories discussed, namely planning theory or theory of planning. In later stage,different period of planning theorizing is presented according to the views of main planning scholars: thereare three main period of planning theory until mid 1970s, as follows: a) first period from beginning oftwenty century to the end of 1950s which is well known as a master planning or blueprint period. In thisperiod there is not a planning theory. Second period starts from the end of 1950 to the end1960. Thisperiod can be named the era of dominance of systematic planning or procedural planning theory. The thirdperiod starts from early 1970s. In this period, there is not any dominant planning theory but there areseveral planning theories such as incremental planning, advocacy planning, mixed scanning, politicaleconomy and transactive planning. Within each planning theorizing periods, different planning theoriesand factors significant on forming them are discussed. Before doing conclusion, a brief analytical report ofevolution of planning theory in recent decades are presented. Examination indicates that planning field inrecent decades is dominated by communicative planning theories and post-positive theories from 1980 on.Examination of this period, also, demonstrates that external conditions such as transformation of socialtheories and epistemological changes originated from knowledge field outside of planning are significantin creation of post positive theories of planning. Theory of communicative action as a social theory fromHabermas is the most important framework theory for planning theorists. In final section, paper concludeson different contextual forces which are vital in creation of planning theories.
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نویسندگان مقاله ایرج اسدی |
دانشجوی دکتری شهرسازی، دانشگاه تهران
سازمان اصلی تایید شده: دانشگاه تهران (Tehran university)

احمد سعیدنیا |
استادیار دانشکده شهرسازی، دانشگاه تهران
سازمان اصلی تایید شده: دانشگاه تهران (Tehran university)

نشانی اینترنتی http://aup.journal.art.ac.ir/article_194_36.html
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