| چکیده انگلیسی مقاله |
Extended Abstract
Introduction and Objectives: The production of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) as one of the vital industrial plants is affected by the environment, genotype, and their interaction. Therefore, the environment × genotype interaction on peanut yield should be evaluated before the introduction of cultivars. Evaluation of genotype × environment interaction provides valuable information regarding the performance of plant cultivars in different environments. It plays a crucial role in evaluating the stability of the performance of breeding materials. This experiment considered the stability and yield of superior peanut genotypes in the 2018 and 2019 cropping years in three regions of Guilan province, Iran.
Material and Methods: In this study, the top 10 peanut genotypes (130, 140, 113, 115, 128, 176, 178, 192, 201, and 208 from ICRISAT) along with the NC2 variety as a control were assessed in a complete randomized block design trial with three replications across three regions: Rasht, Masal, and Talash. Each plot comprised six lines, each 5 meters long, with 50 cm row spacing and 20 cm plant spacing. Upon reaching physiological ripeness, a 5-square meter area was harvested from the middle four rows of each plot after removing half a meter from both ends to eliminate marginal effects. The plant height in centimeters, average number of sub-branches per plant, number of pods per plant, and number of seeds per pod were randomly recorded and counted from 10 plants. After drying, biomass, pod, and seed yields were calculated in kilograms per hectare. Following seed separation from the shell, five random samples of 100 seeds were taken from each plot, and the weight of 100 seeds was measured. Additionally, the length and width of peanut pods and seeds were recorded in millimeters using a digital caliper. To determine seed oil percentage, 150 grams of peanut seeds were randomly selected from each plot, and their oil percentage was measured using the Soxhlet method after grinding the samples. Composite variance analysis was conducted after ensuring the uniformity of experimental error, and the mean traits were compared using the least significant difference (LSD) method. The stability of peanut genotypes was assessed using the GGE bi-plot analysis method.
Results: The variance analysis revealed that the interaction of location × genotype significantly affected the peanut plant's height, sub-branches, and pod diameter at a one percent probability level. Additionally, the year × location × genotype interaction significantly affected other traits such as pods per plant, seeds per pod, hundred seed weight, pod yield, seed yield, seed oil percentage, oil yield, shell yield, pod length, and peanut seed length and width at a one percent probability level. Notably, genotype 208 in the Rasht region exhibited the tallest average plant height (103.5 cm), which was not significantly different from line 201. Furthermore, the highest number of peanut pods (31.72 pieces) was observed in the first crop year for genotype 128 in the Rasht region, showing no significant difference with line 128 in the first and second crop years. Significant differences were also noted in the number of seeds per pod across different genotypes and regions. For instance, the second crop year in the Rasht region and genotype 113 yielded the highest weight of one hundred peanut seeds (71.45 grams), which was not significantly different from some lines in various crop years in the Masal and Rasht regions. Furthermore, the pod yield of genotype 192 in the first crop year was superior in Rasht (5583 kg/ha), Masal (5233 kg/ha), and Talash (4166 kg/ha) regions compared to other genotypes. Genotype 192 also exhibited the highest seed yield (3777 kg/ha) in the first crop year in Rasht, representing a 133% increase compared to the control (NC2). These results underscore the significant influence of climatic conditions on peanut seed yield and the genetic potential variations among different genotypes in diverse regions. Additionally, genotype 192 in the first cropping year and Rasht region attained the highest peanut oil yield (1841 kg/ha), aligning with findings from other researchers regarding varying oil yields among different peanut lines.
Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, all traits measured in peanuts were impacted by the interaction of genotype and environment. Line 192 displayed significantly superior quantitative and qualitative performance of peanut seeds compared to the NC2 variety known as the Goli native variety and other studied lines. The increase in the number of pods per plant, seeds per pod, and the weight of 100 peanut seeds were important agronomic indicators in improving the performance of line 192 in the Guilan region. The results indicated that the interaction effect of genotype and environment led to changes in the yield components, resulting in changes in the yield of peanut seeds and pods per unit area, with the oil yield increasing in parallel with the grain yield. Using the GGE bi-plot method to evaluate performance stability, peanut line 192 was identified as a high-yielding line with high performance and stability in all environments. Therefore, groundnut genotype 192 is recommended for achieving the highest seed yield in the region's climatic conditions.
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