| چکیده انگلیسی مقاله |
Introduction and Objective: Cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) plant is one of the most important and economic medicinal plants from apiaceae family with a considerable distribution in different regions of the country. Cumin plant is one of the most important medicinal plants in Iran, which needs a lower irrigation to complete the growth stages. Therefore, cumin is one of the most valuable plants for cultivation in arid and semiarid regions of the world. Variety of cultivars is considered one of the important factors affecting performance of plants. Therefore, accurate and correct identification of the genotypes and landraces is very useful, in addition to being necessary in crop improvement programs of these plants; it is also very effective in preserving genetic reserves. The objectives of this research were to identity the superior cumin ecotypes based on grain yield and some agronomical traits using of selection index of ideal genotype (SIIG) method, classify cumin ecotypes using of cluster analysis method and determine the most important traits on essential oil yield trait using of stepwise regression.
Material and Methods: In order to evaluate cumin ecotypes using of selection index of ideal genotype (SIIG), an experiment was conducted in 2022-2023 cropping season based on randomized complete block design with three replications on 12 cumin ecotypes. Studied ecotypes were collected from Yazd (Ardakan, Abarkouh, Ashkzar, Bafgh and Khatam), Fars (Shiraz and Abadeh), Isfahan (Isfahan and Semirom) and Kerman (Kerman, Rafsanjan and Sirjan). Agronomical traits including plant height, number of branches per plant, number of umbel per plant, number of seed per umbel, 1000 seed weight, grain yield, biological yield, harvest index, essential oil percentage and Essential oil yield were measured in this research. In this study, the SIIG method and cluster analysis were used to select superior cumin ecotypes.
Results: The results of analysis of variance revealed that ecotypes had significant effect at 1% probability level on all studied traits except of 1000 seed weight. Mean comparisons showed that Sirjan ecotype had the maximum value of grain yield (642.3 kg/ha) and after that Kerman, Khatam and Ardakan ecotypes (634, 614.2 and 594 kg/ha respectively) were placed. The minimum value of grain yield was seen in Ashkzar (456.3 kg/ha) and Bafgh (467.11 kg/ha) ecotypes. Mean comparisons showed that Sirjan, Khatam, Kerman and Ardakan ecotypes had the highest value in the most traits. The minimum value of plant height was seen in Kerman and Sirjan and the maximum value in Bafgh and Ashkzar ecotypes. Sirjan, Kerman, Khatam and Ardakan ecotypes had the minimum distance from ideal genotype (
di+)![""]("data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABUAAAASCAIAAAA7cAJ5AAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAAQBJREFUOE/VUzsWgyAQhJxFU+TlBHgEe9t0UMZ7pNHWLm0qK7iBJ8hLodzFsPIJIpq8Z5WtVnaXmZ1BPI4j2hGHHbMw+su8YEyswQTzss4wxuvtCAk2r6v9ZzFUhHJzonIfl1SDLnCKbI7CeU5dmy1x6m60R+pm3Wb4AysIxtrmfEy+iprkBSpvoIqmY/modIEVMtTfhoHCF21DqvsVQGX/JKfUoStWW1J2r0Hhe2K4reKQoc5A1fNPsLTs1PLGbrAyq+WGFBNVvT4E5dovJ0BEd0cBWqFx4d+HZMRJf3zmX4Sl7FGRIxlbQNaXR6EVX8efllm8Jd9sYIP/4P/des1vzT2aV+f4AWMAAAAASUVORK5CYII=") and the maximum distance from non ideal genotype (di-) ![""]("data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABgAAAASCAIAAADOjonJAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAAPJJREFUOE/dlD0WwiAMx4NnaR18noAewb2rG4x6lHZ1c3Vyghv0BD6Hlrtg6Aflo/Q51MVMNIR/kh8pRGsNW9huCxGj8SshVReEEC7TdUqe2EdGnnUVZWL0COYJ0qobNtBv19NhCIUEi2LCEPzGdEHYKDTlZoyBLWhBwLpQyQ80QkZl1MflVzpxTXhr8nmj1f2SIQ/Vvught2AQ7Br35t05DF1ycefp7sLenDmSPL82x30meV+GmYSiVisD6xYPyMiCFiYLzJAES/NahJ2of20QYgjpX0S1UJ5ALfWm6vOjHK5ntiTOvs94OJ1Z8Y6S/31GPgTcC/KPd6UzAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC") and the maximum SIIG value (0.937, 0.926, 0.769 and 0.667 respectively) and so these ecotypes were introduced as favorable ecotypes. Ashkzar, Bafgh and Shiraz had the maximum distance from ideal genotype (di+) ![""]("data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABgAAAASCAIAAADOjonJAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAAQlJREFUOE/VlL0ZgjAQhhNnAQsfJwgj0NPaJaXsYQMtna0VVbIBE/hYSHbBnIGQP8CCxqsCuXx577sDPAwD2iMOe4iAxi9CgjGxeZ8nJOsMY7x2TrCFfeWRE31FKB/fqLVNQqpeb3CKzHo6jHwhToMcTo30lK2u8NLG0gAYgrG2OR+TTUeSvEDlzXFOk06oahnc7jPrZ59JEYm2IdX9Chjy/SSn1PAozjXfu1dvodvOhZXHaUYiB95qv2Bp2SmDxrGBSchquWKXDY9U18AiCMp1u41JkW4ZQkh13AzaPxcTGQRbJ97+SAHyjYocyVhtsr48Ct2eORbt/NYZDKc9K85R/Je/kc0PBhI+j+3ZGH+f4ScAAAAASUVORK5CYII=") and the minimum distance from non ideal genotype (di-) and the minimum SIIG value (0.059, 0.094 and 0.166 respectively) and so these ecotypes were introduced as the weakest ecotypes in studied ecotypes. Cluster analysis on significant traits in analysis of variance based on Ward method and by using Eucilidian distance, classified studied ecotypes into three groups. Sirjan, Kerman, Khatam, Abadeh and Ardakan ecotypes were placed in first group, Ashkzar, Shiraz and Bafgh ecotypes in second group and Abarkouh, Isfahan, Semirom and Rafsanjan in third group. Ecotypes of first group in terms of grain yield and the most studied traits were higher than other groups and whole mean. Ecotypes of second group had the least grain yield and other studied traits except of plant height trait. Third group ecotypes had average value of studied traits. The result of distance between centers of groups obtained from cluster analysis showed that the maximum genetic distance was existed between ecotypes in the first and second groups and so could be expressed that cross between ecotypes in the first and second group will produce higher heterosis and genetic variation probably. For stepwise regression, essential oil yield trait was selected as dependent variable and other studied traits as independent variables. The result of stepwise regression showed that four traits including number of umbel per plant, number of branches per plant, number of seed per umbel and essential oil percentage were entered to the stepwise regression model and could be explained 99.5% of the variability among the essential oil yield trait.
Conclusion: The results of cluster analysis using studied traits are similar to the results of ecotype ranking based on SIIG method. The present study showed that the SIIG method was able to classify the ecotypes well. The result of cluster analysis and SIIG method showed that Sirjan, Kerman, Khatam, Abadeh and Ardakan ecotypes were the best ecotypes and so it can be used these ecotypes in breeding programs and cultivation development of this plant. Ashkzar, Shiraz and Bafgh were the worst ecotypes according to cluster analysis and SIIG values.
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