| چکیده انگلیسی مقاله |
Extended Abstract
Introduction and Objective: In recent years, the use of medicinal plants has increased due to the side effects and lower cost and patient compatibility to these drugs and due to the harmful effects of chemical drugs on human health. Zataria multiflora Boiss. is an important medicinal plant species in Lamiaceae family, native Iran and Pakistan and Afghanistan. The essential oil of this plant has antioxidant, antifungal and antimicrobial properties and is used as a preservative in food industry. Water scarcity is a significant limiting factor for crop growth and production. Reduced efficiency of chemical fertilizer uptake under drought conditions and their negative environmental effects necessitates the use of sustainable agricultural practices. Studies have shown that using bio fertilizers, including mycorrhizal fungi, can reduce the effect of drought stress. The effect of mycorrhiza fungi inoculation with plant under drought stress is due to physical, nutritional, physiological and cellular effect. Considering the medicinal and nutritional value of Z. multiflora, it is very important to identify ecotypes with high production in order to achieve high economic productivity due to existing drought; This importance can only be investigated through research on the interaction between genotype and environment. The performance of ecotypes largely depends on the genotype, environment and the interaction between genotype and environment. Due to the time-consuming stability and compatibility tests, usually to reduce the length of the evaluation period, it is possible to obtain some fixed or random effects of year and place from different agricultural managements, such as different planting dates. The purpose of this study is to investigate the mutual effect of Z. multiflora ecotypes under drought stress conditions and the use of mycorrhizal fungi in three planting dates using different stability parameters and since each of the stability parameters has strengths and weaknesses in identifying high-yielding and stable ecotypes, Therefore, in this study, combined the aforementioned methods were used to determine the stability of Z. multiflora ecotypes.
Material and Methods: This study was conducted on eight Z. multiflora ecotypes collected from Safashahr, Neyriz, Khanekhore and Fasa from Fars province, Fooladshahr, Baharestan and Kolahghazi from Isfahan province, and Qasreghand from Sistan and Baluchestan province. The seeds of the above- mentioned ecotypes were evaluated on three planting dates, including March 1, 2021 and March 24, 2021 and April 22, 2022. In this study, the combination of the three mentioned planting dates, at two levels of non-stress and drought stress and two levels of application and non- application of mycorrhiza were considered as 12 different environments and plant dry weight of the ecotypes were used for stability analysis. After examining the homogeneity of test errors in the environment, the data were subjected to combining variance analysis using SAS9.4 software. In order to measure the stability analysis parameters SPSS26, R, Minitab18 and excel software were used. Results: The results of variance analysis indicate a very significant effect of environment, ecotype and the interaction of environment × ecotype on plant dry weight . Drought stress reduced plant dry weight in all environments. With mycorrhiza application, yield increased. Mean comparison showed that there were significant differences among ecotypes in each medium, the sowing date of 1 March 2021 and the dry weight of 1.93 gram was the best sowing date. In this date, Safashahr ecotypes had the highest yield in all treatment combinations. In Eberhart & Russell's method ecotype Khanekhore (b=-0.11) had a closest slope to one, besides, this ecotype has a low regression deviation (S2d=1.80). Therefore, based on this parameter it is considered the most stable ecotype. The lowest Rank mean is related to the Fasa ecotype (R=2.67) followed by the Khanekhore ecotype (R=3.50) and the lowest standard deviation rank is in the Baharestan and Fooladshahr ecotypes (0.28 and 0.50 respectively) which it indicates the stability of these ecotypes based on these indicators. Baharestan (CV=26.57) and Fooladshahr (CV=43.43) ecotypes were considered stable ecotype based on the coefficient of variance. According to environmental variance, the ecotypes of Baharestan and Fooladshahr (Si2=0.08 and Si2=0.25 respectively) were identified as stable ecotypes. Based on Wricke's ecovalence Fasa (Wi2=92.80) and Kolahghazi (Wi2=92.49) ecotypes were recognized as stable ecotypes. Based on Shukla's stability variance the ecotypes of Fasa (σi2=5.38), Kolahghazi (σi2=5.34), Fooladshahr (σi2=5.65) and Khanekhore (σi2=5.93) were considered stable ecotypes. Conclusion: According to the results of comparing the averages, the planting date of March 1 was the best planting date for Z. multiflora. The results of mean ranking, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, environmental variance, wricke's ecovalence method and shukla's stability variance were similar in the identification of stable ecotypes, so that Safashahr and Neyriz ecotypes were identified as a unstable ecotypes and the other had moderate stability. Based on Eberhart & Russell's method Khanekhore ecotype was the most stable ecotypes. |