| چکیده انگلیسی مقاله |
Abstract
Introduction and Objectives: Wheat, which is one of the most influential cereals, is one of the most important food sources in Asian countries, including Iran, which has more cultivated area compared to other plant crops in the country. Durum wheat is a type of tetraploid wheat that is particularly important for use in the food industry, especially pasta production. Durum wheat is a good source of dietary fiber, protein and a wide range of vitamins and minerals such as iron, magnesium and B vitamins, which makes it a healthy and nutritious food. This product also has a special economic importance for the country and is a strategic product that has a significant impact on the country's agricultural economy. Based on the stability and productivity of plants in changing environmental conditions, plant breeders can develop products that are more flexible and have good stability even in the face of climate change and other environmental challenges. The aim of the upcoming study is to investigate the durum wheat genotypes produced by the country's breeders, how they respond to environmental changes, in order to make it possible to introduce these genotypes as cultivars that can be planted by farmers.
Materials and Methods: In order to verify the feasibility of introducing new varieties of durum wheat with high yield and stable performance in different environmental conditions, 18 genotypes of durum wheat along with two control varieties (Hana and Parsi) in four crop years at the research station of the Agricultural Research and Training Center and The natural resources of Kermanshah province (Islamabad West Agricultural Research Station) were studied based on a completely randomized block design in three repetitions and four consecutive years from 2013 to 2016. After adjusting the data, composite variance analysis was performed considering year × genotype in relation to grain yield. Due to the significance of the interaction effect of genotype × environment, the average comparison was done for genotypes and environment, as well as for their interaction, and stability analysis was calculated by univariate and multivariate methods. The used univariate methods include environmental variance parameters (S2), coefficient of environmental changes related to all investigated environments (CV), Rick's equivalence (W2), Shukla's stability variance (Shukla-Var), regression coefficients based on the Eberhart-Russell model for analysis The interaction effect of genotype × environment on the regression components (b), the value of the standard error or deviation from the regression line in the Eberhart-Russell model (Sd) and the value of the explanatory coefficient of the regression model in the Eberhart-Russell model (R2). Also, multivariate methods including AMMI method, GGE method and heat mapping method were used to analyze the stability of genotypes. SAS software was used for calculations related to composite variance analysis and mean comparison. Also, univariate stability calculations were done using the codes written by the authors in the matrix language of SAS software, which is known as Interactive Matrix Language. R software and agricolae library were used for calculations related to multivariate methods in AMMI and GGE models. Heat mapping was also done in R software with the ggcorrplot library.
Results: The composite variance analysis in this research showed the significance of the main effects of genotype and environment alone and the interaction effect of genotype × environment in grain yield. Due to the significant interaction effect of genotype × environment, the response of genotypes to different environments is different, so in order to make possible the introduction of new durum cultivars with high potential in terms of grain yield and production stability in different environments, analysis of stability was carried out by univariate and multivariate methods. The heat mapping results showed that this method was able to separate the three environmental groups and confirmed the average comparison results. The number of separated groups of genotypes based on experimental environments also included four different groups. The different stability methods used in this research also showed differences in relation to the stability and sensitivity of genotypes. Therefore, finally, the ranking method based on different sustainability models was used. Based on this, genotypes No. 3, 13, 14, and 16 had high final yield and good stability (above average) and genotypes No. 18 and 19 also had high stability and good total yield based on all stability methods. The first four genotypes, which had good stability, had a higher average yield than both controls, but the next two genotypes, which had high stability, showed a higher yield than the Hana variety and less than the Parsi variety.
Conclusion: by examining different methods of univariate stability including environmental variance, coefficient of environmental change, Shokla variance, regression sum of squares method, regression coefficient, residual of regression model and explanatory coefficient along with multivariate methods including AMMI model and GGE model as well as heat mapping method In order to estimate the stability and the response of 18 durum wheat genotypes along with two control varieties (Hana and Parsi), it was found that heat mapping had a good performance to assess the response of genotypes to environmental conditions and was able to separate three environmental groups, which confirmed the results of the average comparison. . The number of separated groups of genotypes based on experimental environments also included four different groups. Based on the stability analysis results, genotypes 14, 16, 13, and 3 had high final yield and good stability (above average) based on all stability methods, and genotypes 19 and 18 also had high stability and good total yield (above average). . The first four genotypes, which had good stability, had a higher average yield than both controls, but the next two genotypes, which had high stability, showed a higher yield than the Hana variety and less than the Parsi variety. Finally, it is suggested that these six genotypes enter the regional research-promotion tests for further investigation, so that the most suitable ones are finally introduced as a new variety of durum wheat.
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