| چکیده انگلیسی مقاله |
Abstract
Background and objectives: The increasing global demand for water, combined with its limited supply, has led to an imbalance between resources and consumption, driven by both natural limitations and human actions. As a result, the water crisis has emerged as a significant challenge, prompting various developments worldwide and in Iran. One key shift has been from supply-oriented policies toward demand management and the protection of existing water resources. In Iran, the rising demand for agricultural water has intensified the focus on demand management and the establishment of agricultural water markets. Research, both global and domestic, shows that the implementation of water markets in different regions has positively impacted the demand management process. However, for these markets to be effective and sustainable, it is crucial to develop appropriate legal, management, and supervisory infrastructures.
Materials and methods: This article takes a review and analytical approach, focusing on extensive research conducted on water markets worldwide. It first examines the past and present performance of water markets established in various countries and regions of Iran, as referenced in multiple research sources. Next, the article analyzes the general trends and objectives of these markets, discussing their history, establishment, and operational processes. It also highlights their strengths and weaknesses, emphasizing the importance of monitoring and evaluation in the management, sustainability, and future development of these markets through modern technologies. Finally, the article addresses several challenges faced by these markets and discusses the role of remote sensing technology in their monitoring and evaluation. It points out the specific areas where this technology can effectively manage and oversee water markets.
Results: In all the cases studied, market managers have implemented effective measures to address various obstacles and problems. However, the prevailing technical, political, social, and cultural conditions in water markets have significantly impacted their future development due to the lack of continuous field-level monitoring. Therefore, it is crucial to establish a comprehensive and transparent monitoring management framework at all levels that affect these markets. The extensive coverage required in these markets presents a serious challenge. Many reports suggest that utilizing modern technologies, particularly remote sensing systems, could effectively resolve this issue. These technologies are well-suited for monitoring large areas and can play a vital role in controlling water resource withdrawals, tracking performance, and assessing the impact on the markets.
Conclusion: The results of this review-analysis show the special importance of monitoring and evaluating the performance of water markets. Given the growing trend of water markets in the country and the economic and social problems in monitoring, special attention should be paid to the application of modern technologies such as groundwater resource management models and smart meters to monitor withdrawal amounts, as well as agricultural and irrigation remote sensing methods with techniques ranging from multi-spectral sensors (including thermal) to satellite observations to identify changes in water consumption and storage volume, monitoring withdrawal from surface and groundwater resources, remote sensing of evapotranspiration as a consumption monitoring algorithm, controlling withdrawal from canals and the amount of storage in pools to control water theft, controlling soil moisture for individual water use accounting and also managing the amount and depth of irrigation water use, more accurate assessment of the type of cultivation, time and duration of irrigation on a more diverse scale, monitoring land for changes in the pattern and type of cultivation using monitored models, and providing maps of the type of agricultural products in the region, as well as environmental management of the market area, will be possible. But it is very important to note two points. Firstly, there are many more methods, such as combining models of changes in groundwater and surface water levels with tracking changes in moisture and water consumption in farms and changes in cropping patterns with the help of remote sensing, which can be studied in a complementary way on the water market of a region and its role in helping to manage the water market, and allow market managers to choose a method that suits their needs, for example, to monitor water consumption in a market using groundwater change simulation models and energy balance algorithms to estimate the rate of evapotranspiration using remote sensing technology and comparing it with ground data such as lysimeters, to manage and evaluate the percentage changes in groundwater withdrawal and water consumption in market farms. Secondly, remote sensing is in a position to supplement the measured data in the context of adaptation to real conditions, which must be tested and adapted in the field once in each region for accuracy. In fact, if the managers of a market decide to prepare a map of the type of agricultural products and the cultivation pattern of the area covered by a market in order to manage and plan the water consumption of the region, they must first determine the cultivation season of several types of agricultural and horticultural products in the region on the ground in the field over a period of time, and then, using monthly satellite images and with the help of plant indices and monitored models, identify the type of products and the cultivation pattern of the region before implementation and study, during implementation and management while the water market is operating there.
Keywords: Water Market, Management, Monitoring and Evaluation, Remote Sensing.
Keywords: Water Market, Management, Monitoring and Evaluation, Remote Sensing.
Keywords: Water Market, Management, Monitoring and Evaluation, Remote Sensing.
Keywords: Water Market, Management, Monitoring and Evaluation, Remote Sensing. |