Genetic resources, as a fundamental component of biodiversity, play a critical role in the conservation and sustainable use of biological systems. Historically considered a common heritage, genetic resources were once freely accessible. However, ethical frameworks now recognize the sovereign rights of nations and communities over these resources. The Convention on Biological Diversity (1992) established the principle that countries have sovereign rights over their genetic resources. Ethical access requires prior informed consent, recognition of the rights of local and indigenous communities, and fair and equitable benefit-sharing from the commercial use of these resources. Users must respect the intellectual property rights of source countries and ensure that research results and technologies are accessible to developing nations. Moreover, access and use should not harm local ecosystems, cultural values, or future resource sustainability. The precautionary principle should guide the use of new technologies, and all access procedures—from permit applications to benefit-sharing agreements—must be transparent and open to public oversight