| چکیده انگلیسی مقاله |
Abstract In addition to possessing profound themes and addressing fundamental philosophical and ontological concepts, Khayyam's quatrains exhibit a highly poetic, expressive, and meaningful language. This language is crafted and organized in a way that evokes the main concepts and themes of the quatrains. Therefore, the present study first addresses two linguistic topics: attribution (asnad) and conciseness (ijaz), along with their linguistic and semantic functions in Khayyam's quatrains. Considering these two principles, Ahmad Zaki Abu Shadi's translation of Khayyam's quatrains is critiqued. This research attempts to clarify the role of poetic language (especially at the levels of attribution and conciseness) in shaping meaning and emphasizes its importance in translation. The research findings indicate that Abu Shadi, in parts of his translation, has not correctly rendered the attribution system of the quatrains into Arabic. This has resulted in the subtle rhetorical nuances of the quatrains, as well as their concepts and meanings, not being accurately conveyed in the Arabic text. Among the shortcomings of Abu Shadi's translation are changes in the positions of the subject and predicate, disruption of the semantic relationships of words in the linear system of language, disruption of syntactic parallelism, and alterations in the order of presentation in the target text. These issues have prevented the correct translation of the message development system in the target text. Furthermore, the translator's lack of attention to ellipsis (ijaz-e hazf) has led to a lack of beauty and eloquence in the translated text and a failure to observe Khayyam's message development system, which is based on the sequence of short and concise sentences. Keywords: Khayyam, Ahmad Zaki Abu Shadi, Quatrains, Translation, Poetic Language. Introduction The Rubaiyat (Quatrains) of Khayyam contains delicate language and profound meanings, making this work one of the masterpieces of Persian literature and even world literature. These poems not only encompass deep philosophical, existential, and ethical concepts but also possess a strong and coherent structure. The sentences in these quatrains are crafted with utmost cohesion and conciseness, and the verses are composed with remarkable brevity and eloquence. This conciseness sometimes results in grammatical elements being implied rather than explicitly stated. Consequently, it not only enhances the beauty and appeal of the poetry but also allows the reader to delve deeper into the hidden meanings behind the words by engaging in thoughtful reflection. In the present study, an attempt has been made to analyze one of the Arabic translations of these quatrains. Ahmad Zaki Abu Shadi’s Arabic translation of Khayyam’s Rubaiyat is considered one of the finest poetic translations in this field. Although Abu Shadi himself is a poet and has produced a beautiful and poetic translation, in some instances, he has failed to fully convey the rhetorical and semantic subtleties of the original quatrains into the target language. The primary shortcomings of Abu Shadi’s translation lie in two key aspects: predication (Isnād) and conciseness (ījāz) in Khayyam’s poetry. Some nominal sentences in Abu Shadi’s translation deviate from Persian syntax, resulting in an unnatural intertwining of sentence components. In such cases, identifying the subject and predicate—and consequently, understanding the message and implications of the quatrains—becomes considerably difficult. The same issue is evident in Abu Shadi’s Arabic translation concerning conciseness and its various forms. Therefore, this study seeks to examine and evaluate these two aspects—predication and conciseness—in Abu Shadi’s translation of the Rubaiyat. To achieve this, the study first analyzes predication and conciseness from a syntactic perspective and elucidates their core meanings. Next, it explores their aesthetic and rhetorical dimensions, and in some cases, establishes a connection between rhetorical meaning and the poet’s worldview. Finally, based on the analysis, the translator’s rendering of these predications and conciseness techniques is critically assessed. Materials and Methods This study employs a descriptive-analytical method to evaluate Abu Shadi’s translation of Khayyam’s Rubaiyat. According to this approach, the predications and conciseness in the original quatrains are first described, and their linguistic-aesthetic and rhetorical aspects are explained. Then, Abu Shadi’s translation is compared with the source text, analyzing the translator’s accuracy in conveying these two linguistic-rhetorical features. Ultimately, the shortcomings of the translation are highlighted. Research Findings Among the critical elements in the structural and semantic analysis of Rubaiyat (Persian quatrains) is the examination of grammatical roles such as attribution (isnād) and concision (ījāz). These elements, alongside other syntactic components, significantly contribute to the creation of intricate and multilayered meanings within the Rubaiyat. The Rubaiyat, characterized by their brevity and succinctness, often employ concision, which results in the implicit or indirect expression of grammatical roles. This not only enhances the aesthetic appeal and charm of the poetry but also invites the reader to engage in deeper contemplation to uncover the latent meanings embedded within the words. Following Edward Fitzgerald’s translation of Omar Khayyam’s Rubaiyat in the latter half of the nineteenth century, which introduced Khayyam as a profound poet and philosopher to the global audience, numerous Arab poets and translators undertook translations of the Rubaiyat in various forms and styles. In his book Arabic Translations of Khayyam’s Rubaiyat, Yūsuf Husayn Bakkār documents 55 Arabic translations of the Rubaiyat, produced by 52 translators, including notable figures such as Mustafa Wahbi Tal, al-Zahāwī, and Ahmad Zakī Abū Shādī, among others. Although Abū Shādī, himself a poet, crafted a beautiful and poetic translation, he occasionally failed to convey the rhetorical and semantic subtleties of the Rubaiyat into the target language. The primary shortcomings in Abū Shādī’s translation are evident in the areas of attribution and concision in Khayyam’s poetry. Certain nominal sentences in Abū Shādī’s translation deviate from the Persian syntactic structure, resulting in awkwardly intertwined sentence components. In such sentences, discerning the subject (musnad) and predicate (musnad ilayh)—and consequently grasping the message and implications of the Rubaiyat—becomes exceedingly challenging. This issue is equally apparent in the treatment of concision and its various forms in Abū Shādī’s Arabic translation. Discussion of Results and Conclusions The findings of the study indicate that Abu Shadi, in certain parts of his translation, has not accurately rendered the predicative structure of the Rubaiyat into Arabic. This has led to a failure in fully transferring the rhetorical nuances, as well as the underlying concepts and meanings, into the Arabic text. Among the deficiencies in Abu Shadi’s translation are: Altering the positions of the subject and predicate, disrupting the semantic relationships between words in the linear structure of the language, distorting syntactic parallelism, and misplacing instances of foregrounding and backgrounding in the target text. Primarily, this has resulted in the loss of rhythmic harmony between the sentences of the source and target texts. Additionally, it has caused the progressive development of the message in the target text to be inaccurately translated, failing to convey implicit meanings, emphases, suspensions, anticipations, and exaggerations. Moreover, the syntactic and predicative system in Khayyam’s poetry unfolds purposefully through a sequence of short, interconnected sentences, simultaneously conveying the central theme of the poem. The translator’s lack of precision in handling elliptical conciseness has rendered the translated text less elegant and eloquent, failing to preserve Khayyam’s message-expansion technique—which relies on a progression of brief and succinct sentences. |