| چکیده انگلیسی مقاله |
The school of expressionism started in the art of painting in the early 20th century, and because of its attention to human suffering, it influenced literature, music, theater and cinema in a short time. Expressionists believed that emotional and inner human experiences are superior to external realities and that knowing the truth of existence and understanding the nature of existence is essential. Expressionists' efforts to interpret the nature of existence led them to subjectivism and mystical intuition. They considered the secret of human happiness to be the transformation of traditional values and rotten manifestations ruling the society. Expressionists gained many fans all over the world, and following their example, outstanding works emerged. The poem of the inscription of the Third Brotherhood is an example of these works in which the components of the expressionism school can be examined. The main question of the article is: What are the most important expressionist elements of inscription poetry? Cinematic structure, abstract atmosphere, the presence of characters who have lost their identity, trying to change the existing situation and the feeling of despair and emptiness are the most important expressionist components of the inscription, relying on them, it can be called a modern poem and considered an expressionist. The purpose of the article is to analyze and identify the structural, linguistic and content elements of the inscription poem based on the school of expressionism. The article review method is descriptive-analytical.
Introduction
The subject of the article is "Examination of the effects of expressionism in the poem of the inscription of the Third Brotherhood", which is one of the prominent and modern poems of contemporary Persian literature. The purpose of this article is to analyze and identify the structural, linguistic and content elements of the inscription poem based on the school of expressionism and to identify its expressive and influential aspects that by discovering and knowing these expressionist layers, the readers of the poem can understand deep and hidden concepts. and discover the poet's expressionistic thoughts and beliefs. The questions that the authors answer in this article are:
What are the most important expressionist elements of inscription poetry? And what is the method of Akhwan to objectify internal concepts and influence the audience?
Research method
The research method is descriptive-analytical and library based on taking notes from written sources. In this method, the writers have analyzed and examined the expressionist components while studying and taking notes of the desired material by mentioning some examples in the inscription poetry.
Discussion
The school of expressionism was created in the early 20th century by German painters and in a short time it influenced literature, music and cinema due to its deep attention to human beings and the expression of their sufferings. According to expressionists, the experiences of human inner emotions are superior to external realities, and knowing the truth of existence and the nature of existence is important and necessary. They knew the secret of human happiness in changing the rotten values and manifestations ruling the society. Turning away from reality and emphasizing human feelings and emotions is one of the basic issues in the school of expressionism. According to these definitions, "any kind of deliberate distortion and deformation of reality in new literature can be considered as examples of the expressionist method." (Dad, 1371: 52). Some Iranian artists in the contemporary period, while familiarizing themselves with western culture and literature, became inclined towards the school of expressionism and created outstanding works under its influence. The inscription poem is an example of these works in which the components of the expressionism school can be examined. This article deals with the analysis and analysis of the inscription poem based on expressionist principles from three aspects of structure, language and content, and the most important issues that this article deals with are around these aspects.
With its dramatic structure, expressionist concepts, and serious and exciting language, the inscription poem is an outstanding example of modern Persian literature poetry. In terms of structure, unlike expressionist plays that are a combination of different parts, this poem is made of only one episode (Episod) or part, and all the events and actions of the characters are formed in this part. Unlike the meaningless and expressionist plays, the plot of the inscription poem is coherent and the events take place in a natural way. "In the narration of the inscription, the scene is used less and the narration is based more on the use of language. The language of the play, apart from conveying its literal meaning, also has a dramatic load. (Alavizadeh and Vahadanifar, 2016: 27).
Group characters are present in the structure of the inscription poem, and the main character of the poem is the narrator, who is unknown and hidden. The reader of the poem does not see his face and does not know him. In fact, this character is the poet himself, who narrates the events for the reader with a visual language. Another structural feature of inscription poetry is the opposition of poetic elements, which makes it close to expressionist works. Contrasting elements in this poem not only affect the audience emotionally, but also play a complementary and finishing role in the structure of the poem. Elements such as darkness, failure, despair, frustration and captivity, along with their opposite elements, make the expressionistic color of the poem brighter.
In terms of language, the inscription poem has a symbolic and metaphorical language and sometimes the language of the poem becomes emotional and tense and becomes compressed. The shortness of the sentences and the compactness of the language leave no room for creating beauty, and the Third Brotherhood tries to show its inner and mental concepts with the simplest sentences and images.
Invitation to change and protest, fear and anxiety, sense of emptiness and futile expectation are among the most important thoughts of inscription poetry. The events of the story in the inscription poem end with the despair and disappointment of the characters. "The despair of the Brotherhood in this poem is beyond individual or social despair and is a kind of philosophical despair and an expression of the tragic fate of man in the repetition and sequence of failures." (Hafizi, 1389: 11). The feeling of disappointment, futility and the collapse of all beliefs and expectations which are expressionist propositions is visible at the end of the inscription poem. The characters of the inscription's poem come to the conclusion with their collective action that there is no possibility of salvation and liberation and their concern to understand the great secret of existence was just an idea and an illusion that only limited their understanding of worldly life. has completed "Helplessness and loss of meaning are at the end of this process because the point of helplessness is the end of all efforts leading to failure in the search for meaning." (Talebian and others, 1398: 176)
The expressionist structure, serious and tense language, and expressionist ideas have made the poem of the inscription a masterpiece that attracts the reader and pulls him to the end of the story.
Conclusion
The poem of the inscription is a short play with bitter and tragic hints at the end of the narrative, which depicts the life of contemporary man over the centuries. This poem is the narrator of the helplessness and futile expectation of humanity, which is caught in pessimism, despair and disappointment due to failures and failures. The main focus of the inscription poem is to pay attention to the human being and express his pains and sufferings in the modern era and in the traditional society. The quality of the depiction in the inscription depends on the quality of the expressionistic representation of pain and suffering. The Third Brotherhood tries to show the suffering and pain of the society and its deep pessimism about the vague future of man due to the loss of values at the highest level. The addressee of the inscription's poem is the human social conscience, which understands the pain and deprivation of the society well from the poem. In terms of structure, this poem is a combination of dramatic and narrative elements that the poet objectifies his modern thoughts and beliefs in just one scene. The characters of the inscription represent the people who are trying to get rid of the burdensome traditions of the society. Their present and day is the present and day of modern man who has lost meaning and absurdity, and as if this absurdity is the result of the loss and weakening of the fundamental narratives and beliefs in previous periods; Beliefs that the classical man clings to and saves himself from predestination, doubt, despair and emptiness. The language of the poem is narrative and the poet embodies that moment of experience and hidden reality by using symbolic and mythological words. Despair and disappointment are among the obvious and expressionistic themes of the inscription, which have always remained hidden in the existence of the poet and sometimes take on a philosophical color. Due to its narrative structure and desperate, heavy and serious concepts, the poem of the inscription affects the reader and awakens the feeling of kinship in him. Dramatic structure, the presence of unknown and lost characters, the possession of technical, dramatic elements and expressionist ideas and themes are the most important features, relying on them, the inscription's poetry can be interpreted. considered a modern and expressionist poem.
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