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Cell Journal، جلد ۱۵، شماره Suppl ۱، صفحات ۲-۳
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عنوان انگلیسی Is-5: General Principles and Methods for Non-Invasive Stem Cell Imaging
چکیده انگلیسی مقاله Two different methods exist to label stem cells with markers that can be detected by clinically applicable imaging methods. These are 1) labeling them with contrast agents and 2) transfecting them with a reporter gene. The formulations for direct labelling include positive (gadolinium-based) and negative (superparamagnetic iron oxide-based) contrast agents for 1H MR imaging, perfluorocarbons for 19F “hot spot” MR imaging, nanoparticles doped with positron emittors, i.e, gallium-68 or copper-64 for PET imaging, 111In-oxine for nuclear scintigraphy, iodine or gold particles for X-ray/CT imaging, and gas-filled bubbles for ultrasound imaging. The drawback of using direct labeling with exogenous contrast agents or tracers is that the label may become undetectable after a certain number of cell divisions, when the label becomes diluted amongst daughter cells. Another confounding issue is cell death. It is not possible to discriminate live from dead cells, and the results may be misinterpreted when surrounding host cells (i.e., macrophages) take up the label and start migrating. Using reporter genes can solve some of these issues (i.e., only live cells will produce the reporter, which should be evenly replicated amongst daughter cells), and also offer the possibility of genetic manipulation to monitor if and when stem cells differentiate into downstream lineages. This can be done by placing the reporter gene under a specific promoter. However, whenever foreign proteins are introduced or overexpressed, there may be concern about potential immunogenicity and biological interference. Examples of reporter genes are the ferritin reporter for conventional MR imaging, lysine-rich GFP and the artificial lysine-rich protein for CEST MR imaging, the sodium iodide reporter for nuclear scintigraphy, and the HSV-tk reporter for PET imaging. Only the MR imaging reporter genes can be used without injecting a probe that binds the reporter.
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نشانی اینترنتی http://celljournal.org/journal/article/abstract/770
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