| چکیده انگلیسی مقاله |
Natural resources are expected to be the basis for development due to the economic, export value as well as the ability to become the raw materials of different industries. Therefore, the present study aims to study the effects of natural resources on the development of 12 countries that have different levels of development and various degrees of natural resource utilization in a comparative approach using several indicators. The final goals of this article is to reach theoretical conclusion about the impact of natural resources on the development of the countries. In the present study, qualitative comparative analysis method has been used as a means of quantitative and qualitative research and a powerful tool to analyze the causal complexities. Therefore, four phases of data fuzzy, formation of values table, a method to analyze the variables using complex causality and validation of the results of the research were considered. From the viewpoint of the horizons, the research is of a longitudinal nature, since, unlike a cross sectional study that is unique to a specific time period, in this research, the main themes have been considered over 150 years. Overall research results show that many countries, while having natural resources, have not achieved development due to the low level of other indicators. Few countries such as the United States have reached a higher level of development, using natural resources and benefiting from other indicators, such as literacy and democracy. Oil as one of the natural resources in the second study period has had a significant impact on development, but in the third period, the role of industrialization and import of energy resources in combination with efficient and effective government management justifies the development model of countries through the level of literacy and democracy. In sum, natural resources, if aligned with the level of technology, provide a higher level of development, otherwise it will reduce developmental dependence and economic rent. Extended Abstract 1-Introduction Natural resources are expected to be the basis for development due to the economic, export value as well as the ability to become the raw materials of different industries. However, resource review shows that the abundance of natural resources does not always lead to economic growth and there is a controversy among the researchers. Opponents will argue for reasons such as job mitigation, the ineffectiveness of the national government through government enlargement, economic rents, and the struggle of political groups and supporters of supplying production and financial needs. Therefore, the present study aims to study the effects of natural resources on the development of 12 countries (Iran, Brazil, Russia, China, Egypt, South Korea, Japan, United Kingdom, United States, Malaysia, India, Turkey) that have different levels of development and various degrees of natural resource utilization in a comparative approach using several indicators. In addition this comparison has been done over three periods to examine the role of time and technology. 2-Materials and Methods In the present study, qualitative comparative analysis method has been used as a means of quantitative and qualitative research and a powerful tool to analyze the causal complexities. As a result, four phases of data fuzzy, formation of values table, a method for analyzing variables using complex causality and validation of the results of the research were considered. From the viewpoint of the horizons, the research is of a longitudinal nature, since, unlike a cross sectional study that is unique to a specific time period, in this research, the main themes have been considered over 150 years. Indicators used include forest per capita, agricultural land per capita, renewable water per capita, farmers' talent, democracy, literacy rate, GDP per capita, energy resources and natural resources rents. Part of the required data was extracted from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) site and some others by historical studies. The data were selected for the 12 targeted countries, with the distribution of the appropriate size and area of the planet, as well as cultural, political and economic varieties. 3-Results and Discussion The results of the first period (1900-1850) show that a combination of democracy, GDP per capita, literacy, high agricultural potential, forest per capita (low), renewable water per capita (low) and agricultural land per capita (low), the basis for development The United States and the United Kingdom. In this period, due to the fact that oil had no effect on the economies of the countries, it was not used in modeling. In the second period (1900-1950), although the developed model is the same for both countries, the level of development of the United States is higher than the United Kingdom due to the higher level of natural resources and the availability of oil resources. The UK has also increased its development through looting other countries' natural resources. In the course of this period, Japan has begun the development and has reached the level of development at the end of the period, but its development model is unlike the other two countries. In the third period (1950-2000) by the end of colonialism and independence, the process of industrialization of societies began by importing of energy resources. The development model is included democracy (high), literacy (high), energy resources (low) and natural resources rents (low). Unlike other countries, the Russian development model is not included, but it is not analyzed as the model coverage is less than 0.7. 4-Conclusion Overall research results show that many countries, while having natural resources, have not achieved development due to the low level of other indicators. Few countries such as the United States have reached a higher level of development, using natural resources and benefiting from other indicators, such as literacy and democracy. Oil, as one of the natural resources in the second study period (1900-1950), has had a significant impact on development, but in the third period, the role of industrialization and import of energy resources in combination with efficient and effective government management justifies the development model of countries through the level of literacy and democracy. In sum, natural resources, if aligned with the level of technology, provide a higher level of development, otherwise it will reduce developmental dependence and economic rent. |