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Archives of Hygiene Sciences، جلد ۱، شماره ۱، صفحات ۱۹-۱۲
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عنوان انگلیسی Status, Restrictions and Suggested Approaches in Wastewater Management in Rural Areas of Iran
چکیده انگلیسی مقاله Please cite this article as: Fahiminia M, Farrokhi M, Talebi M, Memary G, Fazlzadeh Davil M. Status, restrictions and suggested approaches in wastewater management in rural areas of Iran. Arch Hyg Sci 2012;1(1):12-9. Aims of the Study: The objective of this study was to appraise wastewater management approaches in rural areas of Iran, restrictions, effects on environment and also definition of suitable management approaches in wastewater for future. Materials & Methods: This descriptive study was performed in 2010 in rural areas of Iran. A questionnaire was prepared with subjects such as available management approaches on wastewater, suggested approaches on collecting wastewater and its final disposal and was sent to rural area's wastewater companies in each province. Study results of 4588 rural areas of Iran (with above 200 families) were collected. Results were analyzed using mean and percentage. Results: The current available management systems were mainly based on absorption wells. The main problem in this system was high ground water levels, and low permeability of soil. The most important current problem of the absorbing wells was considerable damaging effects on surface and ground water. Conclusions: The current wastewater management in rural areas especially in the field of wastewater collection was improper and undesirable. To overcome the current problem, it is necessary to use collecting methods relative to that of region. Considerable attention is required for the application of reused wastewater in agriculture. References: 1. Wilderer PA, Schreff D. Decentralized and centralized wastewater management: a challenge for technology developers. Wat Sci Tech 2000; 41(1):1-8. 2. Jackson HB. Global needs and developments in urban sanitation. in: Mara D, editor. Low-Cost sewerage. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons; 1996. p. 77-90. 3. UNEP/GPA. Strategy options for sewage management to protect the marine environment. The Netherlands: UNEP/GPA; 1996. p. 32-5. 4. Burian SJ, Nix SJ, Pitt RE, Durrans SR. Urban wastewater management in the United States: Past, present, and future. Urban Technol 2000;7(3):33-62. 5. Crites R, Tchobanoglous G. Small and decentralized wastewater management systems. Boston: McGraw-Hill; 2003. p. 203-11. 6. Bakir HA. Sustainable wastewater management for small communities in the Middle East and North Africa. J Environ Manage 2005;61(4):319-28. 7. Friedler E. Water Reuse – an integral part of water resources management: Israel as a case study. Water Policy 2001;3:29-39. 8. Reed RA. Selecting communities for sewerage. In: Mara D, editor. Low-Cost sewerage. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons; 1996. p. 25-9. 9. Massoud MA, Tarhini A, Nasr JA. Decentralized approaches to wastewater treatment and management: applicability in developing countries. J Environ Manage 2006;90(1):652–9. 10. Engin GO, Demir I. Cost analysis of alternative methods for wastewater handling in small communities. J Environ Manage 2006;79(4):357-63. 11. Fahimainia M. [A Guideline to wastewater treatment in small communities and urban areas]. Iran: Center of research and operation of water industry; 2006. p. 70-95. [Full text in Persian] 12. Water and Wastewater Engineering Company. [A report of study of investigation of required priorities in water and wastewater facilities design]. Iran: Water and Wastewater Engineering Company; 2007. p. 73-98. (Full text in Persian) 13. Economic commission for Europe: Committee on environmental policy. Environmental performance reviews: Bosnia and Herzegovina [Internet]. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (NECE). 2004 [cited 2011 Jan 25]. Available from: www.unece.org/env/epr/epr_studies/bosnia_and_herzegovina.pdf/. 14. Economic commission for Europe: Committee on environmental policy. Environmental performance reviews: Romania [Internet]. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (NECE). 2001 [cited 2011 Jan 20]. Available from: http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/env/epr/epr_studies/romania.pdf/. 15. United Nations (UN) (2002). Country profile: Poland [Internet]. 2002 [cited 2011 Jan 25]. Available from: www.un.org/esa/agenda21/natlinfo/wssd/poland.pdf/. 16. James A, LaGro Jr. Designing without nature: unsewered residential development in rural Wisconsin. Landsc Urban Plan 1996;35 (1):1–9. 17. El-Fadel M, Zeinati M, Jamali D. Water resources in Lebanon: characterization, water balance, and constraints. Int J Water Resour Dev 2002;16(4):619-2.
کلیدواژه‌های انگلیسی مقاله
نویسندگان مقاله محمد فهیمی نیا | mohammad fahiminia
department of environmental health engineering, school of public health, qom university of medical sciences, qom, iran.

سازمان اصلی تایید شده: دانشگاه علوم پزشکی قم (Qom university of medical sciences)

محمد فرخی | mohammad farrokhi
department of environmental health engineering, school of public health, gilan university of medical sciences, gilan, iran.

سازمان اصلی تایید شده: دانشگاه گیلان (Guilan university)

محمد طالبی | mohammad talebi
shahrab khazar consulting engineers company, rasht, iran.


غلامعلی معماری | gholamali memary
bureau for planning of water and wastewater, national water and wastewater engineering company, tehran, iran.


مهدی فضل زاده دویل | mehdi fazlzadeh davil
department of environmental health engineering, school of public health, ardabil university of medical sciences, ardabil, iran.

سازمان اصلی تایید شده: دانشگاه علوم پزشکی اردبیل (Ardabil university of medical sciences)

نشانی اینترنتی http://jhygiene.muq.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-1-22&slc_lang=en&sid=en
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