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Iranian Journal of Microbiology، جلد ۱۲، شماره ۱، صفحات ۱۸-۲۴
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عنوان انگلیسی Toxin A and B genes expression of Clostridium difficile in the sub-minimum inhibitory concentration of clindamycin, vancomycin and in combination with ceftazidime
چکیده انگلیسی مقاله Background and Objectives: Antibiotics prescribed for infections have diverse effects on microbiota and the pathogen Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) as the most important antibiotic-associated diarrhea. This study aims to determine the gene expression of toxins A and B at the transcription level in the sub-MIC of vancomycin (VAN), clindamycin (CLI), and ceftazidime (CAZ) alone and in combination. Materials and Methods: The MIC and fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) of two C. difficile samples (a clinical isolate and ATCC 9689) were determined by microdilution and checkerboard microdilution methods, respectively. The total RNA was extracted from the medium inoculated with ~106 CFU/mL of fresh bacteria in the pre-reduced medium containing ½ MIC of antibiotics alone and ½ FIC of antibiotics in combination. Real-time PCR was performed by sybrGreen methods in triplicate, and the data were analyzed by the comparative ∆∆CT method. Results: All antibiotics except CAZ (alone and in combination) decreased the gene expression of toxins A and B within 24 hours. VAN and CLI reduced toxin gene expression within 24 and 48 hours. However, CAZ alone and in combination with VAN as well as CLI increased the gene expression of toxins A and B. Conclusion: The results confirmed toxin gene transcription and toxin production are associated with the type of isolates and antibiotics, as well as the combined form of antibiotics. This could be the reason which can explain the occurrence of C. difficile infection among patients who were treated with the third generation of cephalosporins alone and in combination with another antibiotic in the form of combinational therapy.
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نویسندگان مقاله | Mohammad Moradi
Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran


| Shahla Mansouri
Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran


| Nouzar Nakhaee
Department of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran


| Farhad Sarafzadeh
Department of Infectious Diseases, Afzalipour Hospital, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran


| Ebrahim Rezazadeh Zarandi
Immunology of Infection of Diseases Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
نشانی اینترنتی http://ijm.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijm/article/view/1911
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