| چکیده انگلیسی مقاله |
Identifying the types of air in Abu Musa Island for the planning and implementation of Amphibious operation
Introduction
Atmospheric conditions and characteristics are one of the components of the investigation of the operation area in military units. It’s results lead to the estimation of intelligence plans, and are examined in all types of activities and military operations in each single area.
The investigation of the operation area is more important in amphibious operations, due to the simultaneous implementation in the sea and on land, and the involvement of naval and ground forces. An amphibious operation is a planned attack from the sea, carried out by the navy and the disembarking force stationed in ships to the enemy's coast or the coast occupied by the enemy. This type of operation leads to the disembarkation of the force on the coast. This operation is highly sensitive and any kind of mistake in planning will lead to its failure. Abu Musa Island is the southernmost land of Iran in the Persian Gulf, and due to its strategic location, it is of high military, economic, and political importance. Any amphibious operation in this island requires accurate knowledge of the weather conditions.
Data and Methods
In order to carry out this research, first an exploratory study was conducted regarding the subject of the research, and the field manuals related to seafaring and the subject of the research were reviewed, as well as the opinion of experts and experts in this field. In the following, 18 climatic elements have been used in a 30-year period (1991-2021) as well as the average and maximum strength of the sea in one day to identify the weather types of Abu Musa Island. The data relating to climatic elements were received from the Meteorological Organization. MATLAB software was used order to ensure the correctness of the received data and for the statistical analysis of the data. The maximum and average daily wind speed is used to identify the strength of the sea.In order to identify whether types, elements of maximum and minimum wind speed were subjected to cluster analysis. After extracting the air types in Abu Musa Island, a hierarchical analysis method was used to prioritize them for planning and implementation of amphibious operations.
Results and discussion
Four types of weather affect Abu Musa Island throughout the year, and the frequency of hot, cloudy, and foggy weather type has turned out to be the highest. On the other hand, clear and calm air type has the lowest frequency throughout the year by examining the average climatic elements for each. From the weather types in Abu Musa Island, it can be seen that temperature, humidity, sea power, and precipitation have the greatest influence on the development of the air types of this island, and the average of each of these elements in the air types is a good indicator of this.
The high speed of the wind and the high level of sea power are the most important characteristics of this type 1, which may disturb the evacuation in the ports and make the conditions of the beach unsuitable for disembarkation and the possibility of paratroopers to disembark. These conditions make it difficult to guide vessels. In addition, the possibility of naval fire support, reduce the accuracy of weapons fire, affect the implementation of smoke operations to disembark forces on the beach, and lead to an increase in the number of human casualties during the disembarkation. The highest amount of precipitation occurs in type 2. During the rain, the visibility decreases, making it difficult for helicopters and airplanes to fly, and despite providing cover and surprise, it does not provide suitable conditions for close air support of ground troops. Rainfall has also negatively affected radio communications, disrupting reconnaissance flights and radar, image, and infrared data collection systems. During the rainy season, the disembarkation forces on the beach face problems, and the capturing the bridgehead in the first stage of the operation becomes difficult. This in turn, results in an increase in human loss of lives in friendly troops.
In Type 3, humidity and high air temperature reduce the efficiency of the crew, equipment, and vessels and severely reduce the endurance of the disembarking force on the beach. The number of fog occurrences, which is the highest in this type , is suitable for surprising the enemy and creating concealment and cover, but it is not suitable for air support and also for guiding vessels. This condition reduces direct vision and targeting for vessels. Moreover, the effectiveness of radars reduces the detection of targets. In type 4, the temperature and humidity of the air are still high and this issue has a negative effect on the endurance of the landing forces and the crew of the vessels. Despite this disadvantage, the sea is calm and sea power as well as wind is suitable to carry out amphibious operations. It was found that the role of the elements of wind speed and horizontal visibility is important in amphibious operations and decisive for the success of this operation.
Conclusion
Any amphibious operation in types 1 and 2 requires a detailed investigation of the weather during the exercise or operation. At this time, the changes in sea strength are high and the amount of cloudiness and rainfall. Also, the fog created on the sea reduces visibility. In Type 4, both the air temperature and the rainy conditions have dropped a bit, and the amount of rainfall and wind speed and, accordingly, the power of the sea is also low, thus it creates suitable conditions for this operation compared to other types of weather, and in case of proper planning. It will also bring a favorable result. Based on the paired comparison of climatic elements to determine the priority of the air type for carrying out amphibious operations, the element of wind speed and horizontal visibility was given the highest weight. The most effective climatic elements in amphibious operations were identified, as well as the moderate weather type with the maximum power of the sea. (Type 1) is the worst in late winter and early spring, and clear and calm weather type (Type 4) is the best type. Suitable time for planning and implementing amphibious operations was determined in October and November. |