| چکیده انگلیسی مقاله |
In today's world, where globalization has emerged as a pervasive interaction and integration in various economic, political, cultural, technological, and other spheres and relationships, no person, nation, country, or institution is exempt from the inclusion and effects of globalization. Iran and Saudi Arabia, as two regional power poles and two important and influential countries in the international system, are no exception to this rule. The present study, using library and Internet data, using an analytical-descriptive method and a comparative approach, seeks to conduct a comparative study of the pattern of these two countries in facing the phenomenon of globalization, and what the background for the formation of patterns in the foreign policy and international relations of Iran and Saudi Arabia was, and how its outcome on the political economy and regional and international positioning of these two countries can be understood. Therefore, the question that arises for the present study is; what has been the pattern of Iran and Saudi Arabia's encounter with the globalization process and its outcome on the national and regional political economy? The study is based on the hypothesis that the economic and technological approach of Saudi Arabia has led to the embeddedenss of Saudi Arabia's political economy, and the ideological and cultural approach of the Iranian Republic has led to the disembeddedness of Iran's political economy from the globalization process. The outcome of the two aforementioned patterns of confrontation with globalization has been the development of a dual movement at the national and regional levels.
Introduction
Globalization has affected all countries, organizations, companies, and nations of the world, and no country is exempt from this rule. Iran and Saudi Arabia are also affected by globalization. The question raised for the present study is; What has been the pattern of Iran and Saudi Arabia's confrontation with the issue of globalization and its outcome on the development of the interactions between the national and regional political economy of the two countries? The research is based on the hypothesis that the economic and technological approach of Saudi Arabia has led to the carving of the political economy of Saudi Arabia, and the ideological and cultural approach of the Iranian Republic has led to the detachment of Iran's political economy from the globalization process. The result of the two different patterns of confrontation by Iran and Saudi Arabia towards globalization, both at the national level (Islamism versus liberalism) and at the regional level (resistance versus conservatism), has been the creation of a dual movement (double movement).
Methodology
The present study, using library and internet data, using an analytical-descriptive method and a comparative approach, seeks to conduct a comparative study of the pattern of these two countries in facing the phenomenon of globalization, and to understand the context in which the patterns were formed in the foreign policy and international relations of Iran and Saudi Arabia, and how its outcome on the political economy and regional and international positioning of these two countries can be understood.
Theoretical Framework
In the present study, the opinions and thoughts of Karl Polanyi, especially her theories on political economy in the book The Great Transformation and its basic concepts such as emdeddedness, disembeddedness, and double movement, and finally her criticism of liberal economics, have been utilized. In contemporary times, the study of Polanyi's ideas is important for the discussions on the development of regionalism and the new world order, and can be compared with Hayek's work after World War II when the question of the post-war order was raised. The discussions on alternative global regionalism, in contrast to the American peace and neoliberal world order, are very much inspired by Polanyi's discussions and ideas. In contrast to neo-imperialism and the hard power of the global superpower, new regional formations and regionalism are emerging. With the end of World War II, after an unprecedented devastation, the question of the post-war order was raised again. Polanyi's and Hayek's ideas were compared, they approached this issue from very different perspectives. Inspired by Polanyi's views, regionalism and alternative world orders are discussed in the context of resistance to global neo-imperialism. Polanyi pointed out a very strong generalization about the dialectic of the market state. He pointed to the dual movement of market expansion and political interventionism in defense of society, which implied the revival of a moral society.
Discussion
Iran follows an endogenous, resistance-oriented economy, while Saudi Arabia follows an exogenous, convergent economy with the current neoliberal global economic system. Although the endogenous, resistance-oriented, state-led economic model comes with many challenges, it can also have short-term benefits in certain circumstances. For example, in times of economic crises, wars, or sanctions, this model may help reduce dependence on external resources and enhance self-sufficiency. However, this is not a long-term strategy and is more acceptable as an emergency response. Since the Islamic Revolution of Iran in 1979, the policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran has not changed and has had a confrontational and resistance-oriented reaction towards the so-called Western international system and current globalization, and has faced globalization (the globalization project in the definition of the Iranian regime) with a resistance-oriented and order-building model throughout all these years. On the other side is Saudi Arabia, which, given the nature of the political system of the Kingdom of Al Saud, has had a conservative policy throughout its history. With the beginning of regional developments after 2011 and the beginning of the Arab revolutions, Saudi Arabia saw the position of the House of Saud and its conservative system in danger and, along with soft power, relied on hard power and political and military interference in the region and the countries of the Islamic world, and an aggressive policy with the help of the West and America, trying to control the situation in favor of its conservative system. However, what is important in this research is the recent period and after 2018, when the Saudi model towards the world and the current international system, the region and the Islamic world underwent a significant turn and in order to preserve the conservative system of its monarchy and the position of the Saudi system in the region, it has pursued an economic model towards the region and the international system and the current globalization process.
Conclusion
As a developing country, Iran needs foreign trade and exports for economic growth and increased public welfare. Cutting off ties with global markets may limit trade opportunities, resulting in reduced foreign exchange earnings, reduced employment, and even inflation. A resilient and endogenous economy can help the country on the one hand in a situation where international sanctions and pressures are severe, but on the other hand, if it is unable to rebuild and improve external economic relations, economic pressures and sanctions will intensify sharply. This challenge is also clearly seen in the case of Iran. In a resilient economy, foreign investment naturally decreases, as economic and trade connections are severely limited. This can lead to a lack of financial resources for the development of large projects, innovation, and infrastructure development. Ultimately, it seems that the global economy and its connection to it are essential for a country like Iran that needs growth and development.
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